BEd 2nd Year Cultural Heritage of India Study Material Notes
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Culture Heritage of India
The culture of a country is the outcome of the labor of people over the age. It distinguishes man from other beings, it raises him above others. (BEd 2nd Year Cultural Heritage of India Study Material Notes)
Our Indian culture is the oldest culture in the world and is the most enriched one. It has taught the world the lesson of universal brotherhood. It is the culture of four purusharthas — dharma, artha, kama and moksha; and it is the culture of developing all the three aspects of man– natural, social, and spiritual. (BEd 2nd Year Cultural Heritage of India Study Material Notes)
This culture of ours is the culture of auspiciousness, well-being, and welfare of mankind, and it has inclined us towards the well-being of all people. It is our Indian culture that teaches us to live, not for the nation alone. but for the whole world. So it should be helpful in the development of national integration. (BEd 2nd Year Cultural Heritage of India Study Material Notes)
Unity in Diversity in Indian Society
One finds a fundamental unity in Indian culture that can possibly elude one if one concerns himself only with the external aspects of it. Such a man fails to find unity in diversity, the simple in the complex, the individual in the typical or common.
It is, however, fallacious to think that India lacked all cultural unity in the past and that this phenomenon is the outcome of recent events, the British rule among them. The idea of cultural unity is not new to India, it is a concept that has been common to Indians of the past. (BEd 2nd Year Cultural Heritage of India Study Material Notes)
The seers who gave birth to Indian culture were perfectly aware of the unity in India, the unity that derives from many common and uniform elements. (BEd 2nd Year Cultural Heritage of India Study Material Notes)
The unity can be comprehended easily by understanding the unity that exists in various fields:
1. Geographical Unity: India, like every other country, has its own fixed boundaries that are natural. India is limited within boundaries that are evidence of geographical unity, a unity which baffles the scholars who themselves live in small European countries and find it difficult to comprehend how such a large country with so much variety of nature can be united.
The very name Bharatvarsha implies a historical significance that symbolizes unity. The name is not born of geographical necessity but is concerned with the idea of Chakravarti. This name, the chief characteristic of which is unity, has always occupied an important place in the minds of religious thinkers, political philosophers, and poets since each have conceived of the country as a single expanse from the Himalayas to Cape Comorin, a country ruled by one king. (BEd 2nd Year Cultural Heritage of India Study Material Notes)
It is for this unified entity that they have expressed admiration and love. Much of the literature of the past has praise for those kings and emperors who had tried to extend their respective empires from the Himalayas to Cape Comorin and from the Brahmaputra in the East to the Indus in the West. (BEd 2nd Year Cultural Heritage of India Study Material Notes)
Some of them achieved success in their endeavors. Even in the medieval period, each successive ruler treated the country as a geographical unit and tried to extend his rule over the entire expanse of land. Even today when we address our country as Mother India it includes the realization of a geographical unity. Bankim Chandra Chatterjee’s patriotic hymn Bande Matram exudes the feeling of this Indian unity. (BEd 2nd Year Cultural Heritage of India Study Material Notes)
2. Religious Unity: Although the various religious groups in India present elements of external difference, it is not impossible to trace elements common to all. Each religious group exhibits .one single feeling, each accepts the truth of the immortality of the soul, temporary nature of the world, rebirth; the law of Karma, monism, salvation, nirvana, contemplation, and all the other things that go to make up the religious paraphernalia. (BEd 2nd Year Cultural Heritage of India Study Material Notes)
There are differences in the way these elements are treated but each religion preaches a fundamentally single religious faith and shares a belief in the purity and value of life, faith in an invisible power, benevolence, piety, honesty, and liberality, with every other religious system. The rituals are almost common to every form of religion in the country. If one were to look no further than the followers of Shiv and Vishnu one would find that although they pray to different gods, they are spread out all over the country and they have erected temples wherever they have gone. (BEd 2nd Year Cultural Heritage of India Study Material Notes)
These temples are to be found not only in the ice-bound breaches of the Himalayas and fertile plains of the Ganges but also in the deltas of Tungabhadra, Cauvery, and Krishna. Ramayana and Mahabharata, the epics are read as vividly in the Punjab and Kashmir as they are in the South. The legends of Rama and Krishna are sung and repeated with equal fervor among people who speak Hindi and among those who speak such languages as Tamil, Telugu, and the rest. Equal respect is given everywhere to the Gita, the Vedas, Puranas, and other scriptures in India. (BEd 2nd Year Cultural Heritage of India Study Material Notes)
3. Cultural Unity: Indian culture possesses a fundamental unity, a unity the impress of which can be found in the literature and thought of different communities, despite the obvious difference in customs and traditions. The fundamental approach to literature, philosophy, traditions, and customs is typically Indian. The basis of the social and cultural unity of the country is common to every group. One finds this common element lurking from behind the apparent differences in social intercourse, religious rites, ceremonies, and the rest of it.
All groups and communities unanimously accept the inviolable nature of family, the sanctity of sanskaras, and of the kitchen are commonly accepted. Many of the festivals are celebrated all over the country in one and the same manner. This is possible only because cultural unity does exist. (BEd 2nd Year Cultural Heritage of India Study Material Notes)
4. Unity of Emotion: It has been difficult to discover why the South Indian language has remained confined to that area. A large number of languages make it difficult to promote national unity, while a large number of races make this even more difficult. Both these elements are present in India, but since Sanskrit was the common base of the Indian language, the problem of linguistic multiplicity has been solved. People of the North as well as of the South accepted Sanskrit.
At the same time, Sanskrit became the language of Hindu culture and all classics were (Canonummposed in this language. It was in the protective atmosphere of Hindu culture volume (Swaumusikarint that this land of many languages became one nation. Sanskrit was the ancient language of India, used in common converse many centuries before Christ, but in three or four centuries B.C. Prakrat, a language spread in the country, a language which resembles Sanskrit. At that time Sanskrit was the language of the scholars and Prakat that of the common people. (BEd 2nd Year Cultural Heritage of India Study Material Notes)
In the dramas produced during the first century B.C. a mixture of Sanskrit and Prakrat is found in the works of Kalidas and Ashvaghosh. In these dramas, it was the convention for the educated person to speak Sanskrit and for the uneducated to converse in Prakrat. This is clear evidence of the fact that Prakrat was the language of the uneducated masses of India.
Ashok promoted the spread of religion on a door-to-door basis through Buddhist monks, the language being Prakrat. Later on, Pali replaced Prakrat. Much literature was produced in Pali, and Buddhist Philosophical and religious texts known as Jataka and Tripitaka were composed in Pali. (BEd 2nd Year Cultural Heritage of India Study Material Notes)
Jain literature was also composed in the same language. In spite of the literature in Pali and Prakrat, Sanskrit was invariably chosen by all groups and religions as the language of all classical compositions which demanded reverence and respect. Sanskrit was the root of Pali and Prakrat. This accounts for the overt similarity between these three languages. Besides, all the modern Indian languages have been derived from Sanskrit. (BEd 2nd Year Cultural Heritage of India Study Material Notes)
Even Tamil and Telgu have been influenced by Sanskrit, for Sanskrit is the only language in which the entire ancient literature and philosophy of the past are recorded and available. Through its influence on all the other languages, Sanskrit has played an important part in creating and maintaining unity in the country. (BEd 2nd Year Cultural Heritage of India Study Material Notes)
5. Political Unity: The political unity of the country is, in fact, an offshoot of the religious and cultural unity that has characterized India in the past. It cannot be denied that in moments of heat and controversy the various territorial princes rebelled against the central authority, but each one realized the value of the ideal of universal overlord.
Kings released horses to be called universal overlords (Chakravarti) and Vedic literature contains numerous instances in which kings did achieve this position. (BEd 2nd Year Cultural Heritage of India Study Material Notes)
Some of these kings are Prathu, Dilip, Aj., Dasharath, Sagar, Yayaati, Mandhata, and Yudhisthira. At times it was observed that kings declared war on other kings for no purpose other than to gain the title of universal overlord. But in all such conflicts, the motive was not a material or psychological advantage but the desire to unite the entire country under a central authority.
Never has any Indian ruler transcended the natural boundaries of the country to attack any external power, with any expansionist ambition. (BEd 2nd Year Cultural Heritage of India Study Material Notes)
But one of the marked tendencies of all political sovereigns within the country has been to bring the largest tract of land under their control and to establish as large a political unit as possible. Chandra Gupta, Ashok, and Samudra Gupta, among other emperors, claimed the title of universal overlord by performing what is known as the Ashvamedha Yagya. This notion of universal overlordship is very old. (BEd 2nd Year Cultural Heritage of India Study Material Notes)
The presence of various terms synonymous with universal overlordship in Vedic literature and the fact that religious practices such as the Ashvamedha Yagya indicate that even the most ancient ruler in India was fired with an ambition of ruling over the entire nation. Many of them wanted to create political unity and some of them did succeed to some extent.