BEd 2nd Year Describe Verbal and Non-Verbal Tests of Measuring Intelligence

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Measuring Intelligence

Intelligence tests are classified according to the activities prescribed in them. These are as follows-

1. Verbal Tests
2. Non-verbal Tests

As the name itself suggests, Verbal tests make use of language while non-verbal tests include activities that do not necessitate the use of language. (BEd 2nd Year Describe Verbal and Non-Verbal Tests of Measuring Intelligence)

Both these types are suitable for individual as well as group tests. Consequently, Verbal and Non-verbal tests are capable of further subdivision into two classes-individual and groups.

Thus, finally, there are four types of intelligence tests-

1. Verbal Individual Intelligence Tests
2. Non-verbal Individual Intelligence
3. Verbal Group Intelligence Tests
4. Non-verbal Group Intelligence Tests.

Verbal Individual Intelligence Tests

The very name verbal individual intelligence tests, suggests that these are intelligence tests given to individuals, or in other words, they are meant to test the intelligence of individuals. Language finds adequate to use in them. Binet Simon tests and the various revision are all included in this classification. (BEd 2nd Year Describe Verbal and Non-Verbal Tests of Measuring Intelligence)

Verbal Group Intelligence Tests

The State Bureau of Psychology of Uttar Pradesh has made a Hindi version of the Terman Merill Scale. This revision includes a variety of materials, from solid objects to difficult questions. The activities, in the beginning, are simple like the construction of a bridge or a tower of blocks or fitting in irregular wooden blocks in their proper place supplied for them.

At the same time, at the end of the tests their numerous age groups. The higher group use language to a good extent and its use gradually declines with the management group.

For example, the two years group includes the following activities-

1. The form panel with three holes,
2. Recognizing objects of name,
3. Recognizing the organs of the body,
4. Making a tower of blocks,
5. Naming an object from its picture,
6. Word order,

The various types of activities in the “superior adult third” are as follows-

1. Vocabulary
2. Sense of direction
3. Paper cutting
4. Logical discussion
5. Repeating nine digits

 

Non-Verbal Individual Intelligence Tests

It is quite apparent from the above example that in verbal tests, the child’s knowledge of the language is more in demand and, therefore, the use of these tests is limited to students or literate persons. But these verbal tests cannot be used in the case of illiterate individuals as these tests involve extensive use of language which fails as a medium to measure the individual difference between the illiterates. (BEd 2nd Year Describe Verbal and Non-Verbal Tests of Measuring Intelligence)

Consequently, illiterate individuals are tested with the help of Non-verbal Individual Intelligence Tests. The name itself indicates the nature of these tests. These tests involve the least possible uses of linguistic ability and are similarly almost unaffected by knowledge derived from books. One example of these non-verbal tests is the Performance Intelligence Tests.

It would be in keeping with the context of our discussion to understand in detail the Performance Intelligence Test as an example of the non-verbal individual intelligence test. (BEd 2nd Year Describe Verbal and Non-Verbal Tests of Measuring Intelligence)

According to Munn, “the word performance is usually applied to tests which require a minimum use of understanding and language.” Thus, these tests make use of items requiring responses and not language and these tests can be applied to children, illiterates, feebleminded individuals as well as foreigners. (BEd 2nd Year Describe Verbal and Non-Verbal Tests of Measuring Intelligence)

Difficulties In Individual Tests

Some difficulties are felt ill the operation of both the verbal and non-verbal types of individual intelligence tests. They are rough as follows-

1. The Difficulty of Time-The individual intelligence tests take an hour usually and only one person can be tested at one time. Obviously, at this rate, it would be essential to have a very big number of trained examiners and in spite of that, it would be difficult to test all the people. (BEd 2nd Year Describe Verbal and Non-Verbal Tests of Measuring Intelligence)
2. Need for Experienced Examiners- The second obstacle, in the individual Intelligence tests is the need for experienced examiners because the correct result cannot be arrived at if the examiners are experienced. At the same time, the availability of such a large number of trained personnel is a near impossibility.

Notwithstanding these difficulties in some circumstances, Individual intelligence tests become unavoidable. This is because the level of accuracy reached by the individual intelligence tests in the assessment of a person’s intelligence is outside the reach of the group intelligence tests. (BEd 2nd Year Describe Verbal and Non-Verbal Tests of Measuring Intelligence)

Verbal Group Intelligence Tests

The group intelligence tests own their origin and evolution to the difficulties from which the individual tests suffer. As the name suggests these tests are designed to test the intelligence of a group and not of an individual.

All the people in the group are given the same directions and have to perform the same activities. Even the score of the result of group intelligence tests is calculated by machines thus dispensing with the necessity of skilled examiners accompanied by an economy of time. (BEd 2nd Year Describe Verbal and Non-Verbal Tests of Measuring Intelligence)

An excellent example of group intelligence tests is afforded by the Army alpha and beta tests which evolved during World War I in order to test the American soldiers. For example, it revealed separately, the feebleminded, men capable of becoming skilled specialists, men capable of becoming officers, men needing some training, etc.

Difficulties In Verbal Group Tests

Even after taking all the precautions, some difficulties are discernible in the verbal group intelligence tests which can be eliminated only by reverting to the individual intelligence tests. It is due to these difficulties that the individual intelligence tests are considered more realistic than the group intelligence tests. The difficulties of the verbal group intelligence tests are fundamental as follows-

1. Difficulties Relating to Co-operation in Tests-In these tests it is difficult to judge whether the examines is extending his full co-operation or not. (BEd 2nd Year Describe Verbal and Non-Verbal Tests of Measuring Intelligence)
2. Difficulty Related to the Balance of the Subject-In these tests it is difficult to determine whether the physical and emotional balance of examines is even or disturbed. (BEd 2nd Year Describe Verbal and Non-Verbal Tests of Measuring Intelligence)
3. Difficulty Related to the Case of the Subject-In the verbal group intelligence tests, it is difficult to ascertain if the examinee is feeling at ease and free or restrained. (BEd 2nd Year Describe Verbal and Non-Verbal Tests of Measuring Intelligence)
4. Possibility of Cheating by the subject-Another difficulty in these tests is that no one can testify whether the person has written the answer himself or copied it from his neighbor.

In spite of the difficulties which arise in the verbal group intelligence tests, they have their own advantages due to which they are used comprehensively. As has been said before, the advantages are the same as the difficulties of the individual intelligence tests.

Non-Verbal Group Intelligence Tests

As has been mentioned before, the verbal intelligence tests are meant only for the literate because of the requirement of linguistic ability. It is for this reason that the non-verbal group intelligence tests have been created, the examinee making minimum use of language but performing, instead, many activities. One example of the non-verbal intelligence tests is Cattell’s Culture free and the N.I.I.P. test. (BEd 2nd Year Describe Verbal and Non-Verbal Tests of Measuring Intelligence)

In these non-verbal group intelligence tests, the examiners have to explain to the examinees even the simplest directions which are also demonstrated as far as possible. All this is done to make the least possible use of language.

There are some performance tests in three group intelligence tests, in which the examinee draws some lines according to his abilities, fills in some empty spaces, draws some simple figures, or performs some simple activities. Some psychologists do not give credence to these non-verbal tests in their role of measuring the intelligence of the subjects, while on other hand some psychologists consider them to be better than verbal tests. (BEd 2nd Year Describe Verbal and Non-Verbal Tests of Measuring Intelligence)

For example, in Alexander’s opinion, “A complete performance battery will be a better measure than a complete verbal battery.”

The truth is that even if non-verbal group intelligence tests are not more important than verbal tests, they are certainly not less important than these tests. (BEd 2nd Year Describe Verbal and Non-Verbal Tests of Measuring Intelligence)

Some of their advantages are as follows-

1. Comparison of Various Human Groups— The first obstacle in the comparison of human groups of various languages and cultures is the difference in their language. This obstacle can be overcome by the non-verbal group intelligence tests and a comparison between different human groups is rendered possible.
2. The Testing of Illiterate Soldiers— The verbal group intelligence tests are manifestly inapplicable to illiterate soldiers for the testing of their intelligence. Consequently, the abilities of illiterate soldiers are assessed by employing the non-verbal group intelligence tests, and the possibilities of their learning are known.
3. Intelligence Testing in Children-The linguistic ability is very low in the case of children and consequently, the verbal group intelligence tests cannot be given to them. Apparently, intelligence testing of children will have to be done by the non-verbal group intelligence tests. (BEd 2nd Year Describe Verbal and Non-Verbal Tests of Measuring Intelligence)
4. Advice to some Specific Classes-The above exposition on the non-verbal group intelligence tests has made it obvious that these tests have proved the most successful with some specific classes of people. Thus, the result of these tests is a great assistance in advising people of this group.