BEd 2nd Year Educational Thoughts of Tagore Study Material Notes

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BEd 2nd Year Educational Thoughts of Tagore Study Material Notes

Educational Thought of Tagore

Gurudev was a man of a multidimensional personality. He has attained the most fame in the literary field. He occupies the same place in Bangla literature as is occupied by Kalidas in Sanskrit and Tulsidas in Hindi. Gurudev has also contributed immensely in other fields too. The tasks that he accomplished for social reform, national awakening, and development of the international spirit, we shall remain indebted to him for all times to come. Gurudev has also worked for educational reforms. He is established as an educationist in the educational field. (BEd 2nd Year Educational Thoughts of Tagore Study Material Notes)

Gurudev had his own experiences in the educational field. He had to suffer the bindings of home education and the evils of school education during his childhood. Later these experiences served as the basis of his educational philosophy. In 1892 when he was only 31 years old, he wrote the Shikshar Heifer and with it drew the attention of the people towards the demerits of contemporary education. Besides, he gave his suggestions for reform in the educational field. By the end of the nineteenth century,

Gurudev’s several literary creations and educational articles had been published. In 1901, he established the Shantiniketan Brahmacharya Ashrama at the Shantiniketan Ashrama situated near Bolpur, in order to give concrete form to his educational thought. After this, he had two chief functions-service to literature and the development of the Shantiniketan. From 1901 to 1941, Gurudev thought and wrote much on education. (BEd 2nd Year Educational Thoughts of Tagore Study Material Notes)

After his Shikshar Heifer in 1892, the chief creations include Hindu Vishvavidyalaya (1911), Dharma Shiksha (1912), Shiksha Vidhi (1912), Stri Shiksha (1915), My School (1915), Vishva Bharati (1919), Shri Neketan (1927), Ideals of Education (1929), Shiksha Sar Katha (1930) My Educational Mission (1931), To The Students (1935), Shiksha Aur Sanskriti (1935) and Gurukul Kangri (1941).

Gurudev has described the English medium education of his times as impractical and has emphasized imparting education through the mother tongue. He emphasized the fact too that education should fulfill both types of needs man-physical and spiritual. Here we shall present an analysis of the educational thought of Gurudev. (BEd 2nd Year Educational Thoughts of Tagore Study Material Notes)

Concept of Education

Gurudev considered education an essential need of human life. In his view, education is that social process by which man attains physical progress and spiritual wholeness. Gurudev has defined education from the physical viewpoint as follows: “True education consists in knowing the use of any useful material that has been collected, to know its real nature and to build along with life a real shelter for life.”

Besides it, Gurudev considered God pervading every particle of nature and considered that the ultimate aim of human life is to experience this spiritual unity. In his view, that is the supreme aim or function of education. In his own words, “The highest education is that which makes our life in harmony with all existence.”

Aims of Education

Gurudev was in favor of such education which could affect the physical and spiritual development of man, and he considered these as aims of education. His views about the aims of education can be presented in the following way: :

Physical Development: Gurudev has laid foremost emphasis on man’s physical development. Gurudev has taken physical development in a somewhat wider sense. In his view, a man’s body should be healthy and beautiful, his muscles should be strong and his senses should be capable of their functioning. He wanted to keep the children in the beautiful lap of nature; to allow them to climb up the trees and dive in the ponds, and let them do different types of tricks with nature. These activities will affect their natural physical development. (BEd 2nd Year Educational Thoughts of Tagore Study Material Notes)
Intellectual Development: Gurudev laid stress on intellectual development too. But by intellectual development he did not mean the knowledge of certain subjects, but rather by the development of different mental faculties-memory, imagination, thinking and logic, and their powerful organization by which man gets knowledge of different types, separates useful and useless facts, searches and constructs new useful facts, and thus succeeds to make his material life happy and experience spiritual wholeness. In his view, this intellectual development can take place by taking part in the real activities of life.
Individual and Social Development: Gurudev believed in the individual differences of men. He opined that education should be used to affect children’s development according to their own interests, aptitudes, and capabilities. But this development would take place in society itself. In his view, every man has a spiritual relationship with another, due to which they are motivated toward each other’s welfare and create social organizations. Education should necessarily develop the spirit of the welfare of all children. (BEd 2nd Year Educational Thoughts of Tagore Study Material Notes)
Cultural Development and the Development of National and International Spirit: Gurudev was the harbinger of national awakening. He emphasized acquainting the Indians with their original culture and inspiring them to conduct themselves accordingly. He believed that it can develop national unity. He feared that narrow nationalism can hinder human progress, so he emphasized the development of international understanding too. He reasoned that the difference in different human civilizations and cultures does not separate us, but acquaints us with the diversity of the world. On this basis, he has given place to different languages and cultures of the country and the world in his Shantiniketan.

Moral Development: Gurudev was a humanist. He has emphasized good human behavior. He had his own concept of a good man; a man who does not distinguish between man and man in the world. For it, Gurudev has laid stress on several moral rules-celibacy, discipline, contemplation, and meditation, and for their abidance has considered internal power, internal freedom, self-discipline, and knowledge as necessary. (BEd 2nd Year Educational Thoughts of Tagore Study Material Notes)
Vocational Development: Gurudev wanted to provide economic skills to all people, so he laid foremost stress on the education for handicrafts, artisanry, and agriculture. (BEd 2nd Year Educational Thoughts of Tagore Study Material Notes)
Spiritual Development: According to Gurudev, true education is the one that acquaints us with the unity of the whole world. According to him, when a man begins to feel one soul in all the beings of the world, then it should be taken that he has attained self-realization. For the attainment of this supreme aim, he has emphasized the knowledge of national and international cultures. He clarified that we should first experience social and cultural unity, after that spiritual unity can be experienced.

Curriculum of Education

In this context, the first thing is that Gurudev has laid equal emphasis on the development of all three aspects of man-natural, social, and spiritual, and for their proper development, has constructed an activity-centered curriculum. Secondly, he has laid emphasis on the knowledge of languages and cultures of national and international importance alongside our own language and culture. He was a great lover of nature and fine arts. (BEd 2nd Year Educational Thoughts of Tagore Study Material Notes)

He has given them an important place in the curriculum. He has clarified that co-curricular activities contribute a lot to the development of the child. (BEd 2nd Year Educational Thoughts of Tagore Study Material Notes)

Therefore, games and drama should be given a place in the curriculum. Due to his wider viewpoint, the curriculum constructed by him is very extensive. (BEd 2nd Year Educational Thoughts of Tagore Study Material Notes)

The activity-centered curriculum that he prescribed for the Shantiniketan in the beginning, had the following form :

Subjects: Mother tongue, Sanskrit, English, history, geography, nature study, science, art, and music.
Useful Activities: Gardening, agriculture, regional study, tour, collection of different articles and laboratory works.
Other Activities: Games, play, music, dance, creative writing, village development, and social service work.

Teaching Methods

Gurudev considered the man to be the total sum of physical and spiritual elements and said that man’s development depends on these two faculties. He has not constructed any teaching method but has suggested the reform of the prevailing teaching methods. He staunchly opposed the bookish and telling methods of his time, and emphasized the fact that whatever is taught to the students, should be taught by keeping them in the real circumstances of life, by self-activity and self-experience.

He opposed the English medium education imparted during his times and emphasized education through the mother tongue. The Vishwabharati established by him imparts education from pre-primary to class 12 in his mother tongue Bengali. Keeping English as the medium at a higher level is helplessness. (BEd 2nd Year Educational Thoughts of Tagore Study Material Notes)

The teaching principles as propounded by Gurudev can be presented as follows:

(1) Don’t teach anything to children forcibly, first motivate them to learn.

(2) Whatever is to be taught to the children, teach them through life’s real activities.

(3) Give the children opportunities for the use of senses, and let them learn by self-experience.

(4) Teach the children the mother tongue as the medium.

(5) Use any teaching method, but it should be interesting and the students should take part in it actively.

(6) Keep the children free from harsh control, let them think and work freely.

(7) Behave with the children with love and sympathy under all circumstances.

It becomes necessary to discuss in some detail the ancient and prevalent teaching methods as emphasized by Gurudev and as he himself used.

Oral Method: In ancient times, the teachers taught their pupils using oral methods, such as preaching, lecture, question-answer, debate, and reasoning, methods. Gurudev accepted the significance of these methods, but with the precaution that these methods should be used only when it is not possible to learn by doing in real-life circumstances and by self-experience. In this context, Gurudev said that any oral method should be used with giving opportunities to the children to think and resolve their doubts and they should be kept active continuously. (BEd 2nd Year Educational Thoughts of Tagore Study Material Notes)
Self-Study Method: This is a very incident method of teaching-learning. Gurudev had used this method for himself. He had studied the Vedas’ and ‘Upanishads’ under the guidance of his father and elder brother. In the context of the use of this method, Gurudev gave three suggestions. First, the children should be made capable of self-study and the mental ability of reading to understand, second, necessary directions should be given to the children for self-study; and third, the discussion should be held with them after self-study in order to resolve their doubts.
Analysis and Synthesis Method: Gurudev considered this method useful for clarification of fats, but emphasized two precautions in its use. First, whatever examples are presented before the children should be related to their life; and second, children should have active participation in generalization and drawing inference.
Activity Method: Gurudev laid foremost emphasis on this that opportunities should be given to the children for learning by doing and learning by self-experience. The method of self-activity and self-experience is the activity method. But he has emphasized certain precautions in the use of this method too. First, activity should pertain to the life of the children. Second, the activity should be interesting to the children. Third, the children should be free to execute the activity in their own manner. And fourth, activity should be such in the execution of which the children face no problem. He used nature observation, tour, and play-way methods as activity methods. (BEd 2nd Year Educational Thoughts of Tagore Study Material Notes)
Experiment Method: Gurudev has supported and used the experiment method for skills, science, and other practical subjects and activities. There are three steps of this method—first, a demonstration by the teacher; second, imitation by the students; and third, the exercise by the students. Thus, this method is the sum of three methods—demonstration, imitation, and exercise methods. Gurudev clarified that in the use of this method too, the doubts of the students should be eliminated and how should be replied to along with ‘why. (BEd 2nd Year Educational Thoughts of Tagore Study Material Notes)

Discipline

Gurudev accepted the significance of discipline, but he accepted discipline not as an external order but as an internal feeling. He opposed punishment for the development of this internal feeling. He clarified that punishment makes students rebellious and develops feelings of opposition in them. (BEd 2nd Year Educational Thoughts of Tagore Study Material Notes)

Gurudev was in the favour of self-discipline and emphasized the need for a higher social environment for its attainment. His clear opinion was that if the teachers in schools are learned and are of high character and they behave with the children affectionately and sympathetically the children will themselves abide by discipline.

For the development of the discipline, he considered the necessity of games and literary and cultural programs in the schools. He experienced that man gets opportunities for meditation in the higher social environment and he learns to live in the discipline.

The student remains disciplined in such an environment and if they happen to commit an error, they correct it themselves. The whole environment of Vishwabharti established by him is based on Indian culture; the teachers and students live a simple life there and remain fully disciplined. (BEd 2nd Year Educational Thoughts of Tagore Study Material Notes)

Teacher

Gurudev was fully traditional as far as the teacher is concerned. In his view, the teacher should be fully learned, patient and devoted to the children. He used to say that the students learn the methods of their manners sooner than the knowledge imparted by them. so the teachers should be learned. celibate, men of high character and ideal conduct.

He expected the teachers to understand the individual differences of the students, to arrange proper education for them, and behave toward them with love and sympathy. He termed despotic teachers as jail wardens. Gurudev supported nationalism and international goodwill. Such teachers alone can develop nationalism and internationalism in the children. For this, he considered the need for teacher training. (BEd 2nd Year Educational Thoughts of Tagore Study Material Notes)

Student

Gurudev respected the individuality of the students and emphasized providing a suitable education for them. On the other hand, he expected them to follow celibacy. In celibacy, sensual control, purification of mind, speech and deed, and simple and natural life are especially important. (BEd 2nd Year Educational Thoughts of Tagore Study Material Notes)

According to Gurudev, the students should rise early, clean their bodies and abide by rules and orders; they should be polite in conduct, should worship nature and beauty, and should be curious about the attainment of both worldly and spiritual knowledge. So long they are not motivated by themselves and have no devotion to the teachers. they would not be able to learn anything. Besides, they should keep away from the uncivilized. improper and censurable behavior and thought.

School

In the viewpoint of Gurudev, schools should be located away from the noise of towns in the lap of nature just like the ashramas of ancient times. He believed that teachers and students can worship education in a peaceful environment. He laid much emphasis on the fact that the schools should be the representatives of the nation; they should have proper educational arrangements for the education of national civilization and culture. (BEd 2nd Year Educational Thoughts of Tagore Study Material Notes)

Besides, there should be arrangements for education or languages and cultures of international importance by which the students are able to understand the world. His Vishwabharati University is presenting all of these in concrete form.

Today, Vishwabharati has arranged from pre-primary education to higher education and technological education. This university is being run on two campuses. Shantiniketan and Sriniketan, Sriniketan is located at 3 km away from Shantiniketan. Both of them are located in the lap of nature. (BEd 2nd Year Educational Thoughts of Tagore Study Material Notes)

At present, the Vishwabharati has different buildings for different types of education at different levels which have been converted into departments.

Mrinalilli Anand Pathashala: It is attached with Shantiniketan’s Path Bhavan. It holds kindergarten classes.
Santosh Pathashala: It is attached to Sriniketan’s Shiksha Satra. It holds kindergarten classes.
Path Bhavan (Secondary School): It is a residential and co-education institution located in Shantiniketan, It holds education from classes 1 to 10.
Shiksha Satra (Secondary School): It is a co-education institution located in Sriniketan. It also holds classes from 1 to 10.
Uttar Shiksha Sadan (Higher Secondary School): It is a residential and co-education institution located in Shantiniketan. It holds, classes for + 2 (classes 11 and 12). (BEd 2nd Year Educational Thoughts of Tagore Study Material Notes)

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