BEd 2nd Year Philosophical and Educational Thoughts of Dr Montessori Study Notes

BEd 2nd Year Philosophical and Educational Thoughts of Dr Montessori Study Notes: A2zNotes Presents study material Long Question Answer Notes by the Latest BEd Syllabus for Philosophical and Socialogical Perspective of Education. A Collection of Question-Answers compiled and Edited by A2zNotes Well Experienced Authors Based on Latest Two-Years BEd Curriculum. Here in this post, we will provide you with Long Questions and Answers for the Definition and Meaning of the Philosophical Thoughts of Dr. Montessori, Metaphysics, Epistemology & Logic, Axiology & Ethics, Educational Thoughts, Principles of the Montessori Method, and Teaching Order in Montessori Method.

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Philosophical Thought of Montessori

Dr. Maria Montessori was born in Shiaravel town in Ankona, Italy. Her parents were rich and well-established. Montessori provided the best available education of that time. Montessori received the degree of M.D. from Rome University in 1894 and was appointed as the assistant medical officer in the medical department of the same university, in the same year. She believed in the service of mankind from the very beginning, so she did her job with the spirit of service. Dr. Montessori was a follower of Catholicism and believed in the soul and God. Due to her acceptance of the existence of the soul and God, some scholars consider her an idealist.

She had been educated in science, zoology, and medical science, so she believed in evolutionism and accepted the reality of the material world. (BEd 2nd Year Philosophical and Educational Thoughts of Dr Montessori Study Notes)

On this basis, some scholars consider her a realist. She was also influenced by the naturalistic ideology of Rousseau, so she emphasized the free development of infants. (BEd 2nd Year Philosophical and Educational Thoughts of Dr Montessori Study Notes)

On this basis, some scholars consider her a naturalist. She wanted to see the whole of mankind happy. On this basis, some scholars consider her to be a humanist. The truth is that she had neither an original philosophical thought, nor she was a follower of any specific philosophical thought; she just followed the humanistic thought in spiritual and material philosophies. If we desire, we can take it just as her life philosophy. (BEd 2nd Year Philosophical and Educational Thoughts of Dr Montessori Study Notes)

 Metaphysics of Montessori’s Philosophical Thought

Dr. Montessori, on the one hand, considered this world as created by God and on the other, believed in the theory of evolution. On the one hand, she accepted the existence of the soul; while on the other, she .considered the organs of action and sense organs as the basis of man’s development. The fact is that she considered body and soul as complementary to each other.

Epistemology and Logic of Montessori’s Philosophical Thought

Dr. Montessori laid emphasis on the attainment of both types of worldly and spiritual knowledge. She considered the brain, organs of action, and sense organs as the basis and means of receiving knowledge.

According to her, for the attainment of any type of knowledge, the synthesis of these three is necessary, the brain, organs of action, and sense organs cannot work in isolation. (BEd 2nd Year Philosophical and Educational Thoughts of Dr Montessori Study Notes)

 Axiology and Ethics of Montessori’s Philosophical Thought

In Christianity, belief in God and human service have been given the highest place. Dr. Montessori considered human service as the noblest human value and expected people to live peacefully do their work honestly and serve the poor and the deprived. In her view, only such people are eligible for paradise. (BEd 2nd Year Philosophical and Educational Thoughts of Dr Montessori Study Notes)

 Educational Thought of Dr. Montessori

Dr. Maria Montessori was a doctor by profession. She was assigned the duty of treatment of handicapped and mentally retarded children. During their treatment, she came to know of their problems. Later she worked in the field of education for handicapped and mentally retarded children and infants. Though she did not present any complete planning for education, whatever she has written about infant psychology and infant education, we can know her educational thought from that. We shall discuss the educational thought of Dr. Montessori as follows. (BEd 2nd Year Philosophical and Educational Thoughts of Dr Montessori Study Notes)

Concept of Education

Dr. Montessori clarified that at the time of birth, the human infant is less developed physically than the animal young. yet has more capabilities of development as compared to them. According to her, education helps in the development of these inherent capabilities of man. She has also clarified at one place that man alone is such a being in whom the capability to adjust to newer circumstances can be developed. (BEd 2nd Year Philosophical and Educational Thoughts of Dr Montessori Study Notes)

In her view, true education is that process that develops the inherent potentialities of man and enables him to adjust to newer circumstances. She considered education as a means of preparation for life.

Aims of Education

Dr. Montessori did not discuss the aims of education as a whole but limited herself to the aims of infant education. In her view, there should be only four aims of infant education:

1. To help the infants in the development of their inherent potentialities and affect the development of their organs of action sense organs and intellect. (BEd 2nd Year Philosophical and Educational Thoughts of Dr Montessori Study Notes)
2. To acquaint the infants with their environment and to develop the capability to adjust to it.
3. To prepare the infants for life.
4. To effect the moral development of the infants and to teach them the lesson of peace and service.

Curriculum of Education

Dr. Montessori has expressed her thoughts only about the curriculum of infant education and has constructed it too. She has the clear view that infants’ curriculum should be based on their natural abilities, interests, and needs. She opined that this world is real, therefore infants should be given the true knowledge and skills pertaining to their life and environment.

In her infant education plan, she has given place to only daily tasks, nature observation, active and creative games, language, and mathematics. (BEd 2nd Year Philosophical and Educational Thoughts of Dr Montessori Study Notes)

Methods of Teaching

Dr. Montessori has expressed herself only about teaching methods for handicapped and mentally retarded children and infants and has developed the ‘Montessori Method’ for their education. We shall present the principles and methodology of the Montessori Method in brief. (BEd 2nd Year Philosophical and Educational Thoughts of Dr Montessori Study Notes)

Principles of the Montessori Method

The Montessori method is based on the following teaching principles:

1. Principle of Muscular Development: Dr. Montessori has clarified that all of our physical and mental activities are dependent on our muscles, so we should strengthen the muscles of infants first. For it, Montessori laid emphasis on the execution of daily tasks, arrangement of games, and use of didactic apparatus.
2. Principle of Training of Senses: Montessori has clarified that any type of knowledge is received by the synthesis of organs of action, sense organs, and the brain. As far as the strengthening of organs of action is concerned, it can be done by strengthening muscles. or the training of different sense organs, different materials are used in Montessori schools; the infants see, listen, smell, taste, and touch them to activate and train their organs of perception-eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin respectively. (BEd 2nd Year Philosophical and Educational Thoughts of Dr Montessori Study Notes)
3. Principle of Self-Education: Montessori has clarified that learning is the inherent instinct of man. She has emphasized the fact that such an environment should be presented before the infants so that they proceed forward to know what we want to teach them. Learning by self-motivation has been called self-education. her. For It, the creation of a suitable environment is emphasized in Montesson schools. (BEd 2nd Year Philosophical and Educational Thoughts of Dr Montessori Study Notes)
4. Principle of Self-Development: This is a psychological fact that a child’s development takes place on the basis of his innate powers. Montessori has clarified that a child is a body that grows, and a soul that develops. We should not allow these two types of development to be destroyed or hindered; we should provide him the opportunity to develop according to his ability and capability. This task is also performed with the help of didactic apparatus in Montessori schools.

5. Principle of Individual Development: Psychologically no two infants are equal, there is a difference in their abilities and capabilities and there is a difference in their interests and needs. According to Montesson, infants should be given opportunities to grow according to their abilities and capabilities; they should be given opportunities to learn according to their interests and needs; only then their individual development can take place. All these opportunities are provided in the Montessori system; the teachers help them in their individual development.
6. Principle of Psychological Moment: Montessori experienced that each child cultivates the curiosity to know all of a sudden; she termed it the psychological moment and clarified that we should make use of these psychological moments. We should give them the environment of learning and knowing all for which they have the curiosity to know and which satisfies their needs.
7. Principle of Freedom: Montessori clarified this psychological fact that a child loves freedom; therefore he should be given the freedom to learn at his own desire and rate. She clarified that the natural development of children occurs in a free environment; the feeling of self-respect develops in them and they become self-dependent. On the contrary, if any impediment is brought to their natural development or they are kept under strict control, then the development of their personality is hindered. In the Montessori system, the children are given complete freedom to do work according to their own desire.

Teaching Order in Montessori Method

The Montessori method can be divided into three parts–motor education, sensory education, and language and mathematics education.

1. Motor Education: In the Montessori system, the muscles and organs of action of the infants are strengthened first. In Montessori schools, the children are given opportunities for cleaning the school, arrange the furniture, shine shoes, wash hands-mouth, take baths, wear clothes, comb hair, serve food, cook food and cleanse pots, etc. and they are made to do gardening and to take part in games and exercise. In doing all these activities, their muscles and organs of action become strong.

If we look carefully, we find that the tasks performed by children in motor education also use sense organs, and thus their sense organs are also trained. (BEd 2nd Year Philosophical and Educational Thoughts of Dr Montessori Study Notes)

The children talk and calculate in doing these activities, with it they learn language and mathematics. But Montessori provided these activities only for strengthening muscles and organs of action.

It is another thing that in doing these activities the sense organs of the children are also trained and they get knowledge in language and mathematics. (BEd 2nd Year Philosophical and Educational Thoughts of Dr Montessori Study Notes)

2. Sensory Education: In the Montessori system, after motor education, emphasis is laid on sensory education. For the training of different sense organs Montessori constructed different educational apparatuses-colored pieces for the training of sight sense; bells with different sounds for hearing sense; different bottles with different smelling materials for smelling sense; salt, chilly, sour. sweet, etc. for taste sense and different types of smooth and rough materials for touch sense.

Discipline

According to Montessori, true discipline is internal and she wanted to find it in infant education. She wanted that in the Montessori schools the infants to be given such an environment where while being free to do anything should do what is necessary for discipline. Montessori argued that when an infant observes his circumstances and adjusts to them as may be proper, then he proceeds towards true discipline. Thus, obtained discipline is called rational discipline by Montessori.

Teacher

Montessori only thought about the teachers in Montessori schools. In her view, the teachers in infant schools should be very sensitive and motherly, so she was in the favour of appointing only women at this level. She argued that women are more sensitive than men and understand the problem of infants better. It was her clear opinion that the teachers in infant schools should neither help the students in their natural learning nor hinder it, they should only create a suitable environment and should function only as a guide. 

Student

Like other modern educationists, Montessori accepted the student as the center of education. She declared that infants should be given complete free opportunities for their development; the whole planning of infant education should be made on the basis of their natural abilities, interests, and needs. (BEd 2nd Year Philosophical and Educational Thoughts of Dr. Montessori Study Notes)

School

Montessori has expressed her thought only about infant schools. She has specified a specific form of Montessori schools in her Montessori system. (BEd 2nd Year Philosophical and Educational Thoughts of Dr Montessori Study Notes)

First, she named these schools Children Home. It is clear that she wanted to see these infant schools as homes.  According to her, there should be a big hall in a Montessori school and it should have some rooms according to the number of students. The big hall should be for study and small rooms should be used for doing other daily tasks, such as washing hands, taking bath, changing clothes, eating food and playing games, etc. (BEd 2nd Year Philosophical and Educational Thoughts of Dr Montessori Study Notes)

These rooms should have tables, chairs, beds, and cupboards according to the age and size of the infants. It is also necessary to have an open ground for playing and a small garden for gardening, where the children observe nature and receive fresh air and sunlight. The specified apparatuses should necessarily be there in a Montessori school. These apparatuses are of three types-domestic apparatuses, educational apparatuses, and educational tools. (BEd 2nd Year Philosophical and Educational Thoughts of Dr Montessori Study Notes)