BEd 2nd Year Philosophical Thought of Vivekananda Study Material Notes

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Philosophical Thought of Vivekananda

Swami Vivekananda was born in a Bengali Kayastha family in Calcutta (Kolkata) on 12 January 1863. His real name was Narendranath Dutta. His father, Sri Vishvanath Dutta was an attorney in the High Court of Calcutta. He was very intelligent, learned, liberal, merciful, and a protector of the poor. Vivekananda’s mother, Smt. Bhuvaneshvar Devi too was very intelligent, meritorious, religious, and merciful. Vivekananda was influenced by his mother immensely. (BEd 2nd Year Philosophical Thought of Vivekananda Study Material Notes)

He took interest in worship from very childhood and took to meditation. This inclination of his later transformed him from Narendranath to Swami Vivekananda. (BEd 2nd Year Philosophical Thought of Vivekananda Study Material Notes)

Swami Vivekananda was the disciple of Ramakrishna Paramhans. Paramhans had experienced the truth that God resides in the soul and the soul in God, and he had made his disciple, Vivekananda experience this. Besides, Swami Vivekananda had studied the Vedas and Upanishads minutely and had experienced the truths propounded in them in his life. The thoughts of Vivekananda are logical and are proved by experience. (BEd 2nd Year Philosophical Thought of Vivekananda Study Material Notes)

The Vedic religion and philosophy are the sum total of differences. Swami Vivekananda followed Vedanta’s philosophy. Vedanta has three forms-Dvaita (Dualism), Vishishtadvaita (Specific Dualism), and Advaita (Monism). Vivekananda supported Advaita. According to him, there is no difference between Dvaita, Vishistadvaita, and Advaita, They are three steps of Vedanta philosophy, the ultimate aim of which is the experience of Advaita. Not only this, he described all religions and philosophies of the world as inclined towards Advaita.

Vivekananda’s attitude towards religion and philosophy was quite scientific. He clarified that art, science, and religion, are three different means to express one supreme truth. In one place he said that when a science teacher says that all objects symbolize one power, do you not remember God about whom you have read in the Upanishads? And Advaita Vedanta says just this. He called Advaita Vedanta a universal science religion. He has made commendable efforts to look at Vedanta in a modern context and provide its scientific analysis. (BEd 2nd Year Philosophical Thought of Vivekananda Study Material Notes)

This is the novelty in his Advaita Vedanta, and on this basis, his philosophical thought is called Navya-Vedanta (Neo Monism). Here we shall present the metaphysics, epistemology, logic, axiology, and ethics of Swami Vivekananda’s Navya Vedanta.

Metaphysics of Vivekananda’s Navya Vedanta

According to Advaita philosophy, Brahma is the basic element of this universe and He is the creator and cause of this universe. The followers of Vedanta argue that a spider creates its cobweb from the material produced in it; in the same way, Brahma creates this universe and is the cause of this universe. Swami Vivekananda accepted this truth. According to this principle, all concrete substances and abstract souls are part of Brahma or God. (BEd 2nd Year Philosophical Thought of Vivekananda Study Material Notes)

In other words, this whole universe is pervaded by Brahma. Now the question arises, what is the fonn of this Brahma? According to the followers of Advaita, Brahma is such a power that is formless; it is Nirankari (shapeless), omnipotent, omnipresent, and omniscient. It takes the concrete form of Brahm a (God) due to its synthesis with Maya (illusion). This concrete world and all its substances are the finite forms of His. As far as the soul is concerned, (BEd 2nd Year Philosophical Thought of Vivekananda Study Material Notes)

Vivekananda’s views are similar to the followers of Advaita. According to him, all souls are part of God and they are, like God, without a beginning or an end, therefore there is no question of their birth or death. According to Advaita, other substances of the world to are the parts of Brahma or God; the only difference between the soul and other substances is that the soul is omnipresent and omniscient and it has the attribute of understanding the real form and attainment of God, while other substances lack this attribute.

According to this theory, so long the soul does not recognize and attain God in His real form, it has to transit from one body to another, and when it recognizes its real form, it attains it and is freed from this worldly life; Vivekananda called this as emancipation.

Vivekananda considered man as the sum total of body, mind, and soul and said that there are two aspects of human life-physical and spiritual. He emphasized the development of both aspects-physical and spiritual. He emphasized the development of both aspects-physical and spiritual. He said that until a man is freed from physical weakness, ignorance, and political slavery, he cannot proceed toward spiritual emancipation. (BEd 2nd Year Philosophical Thought of Vivekananda Study Material Notes)

Vivekananda possessed an extensive viewpoint about man’s development. He considered Indian spiritual knowledge and activities as necessary for man’s spiritual development, and for his physical and economic development considered western knowledge, science, and technology essential. (BEd 2nd Year Philosophical Thought of Vivekananda Study Material Notes)

Today knowledge is not limited to any one country, it has become globalized.

Epistemology and logic of Vivekananda’s Navya Vedanta

Vivekananda has divided knowledge into two parts—physical knowledge and spiritual knowledge. In physical knowledge, he has included the knowledge of the material world (all objects and activities), and in spiritual knowledge, he has placed the knowledge of the abstract world (God, soul, and living beings) and the means of attainment of knowledge of the abstract world (jnana yoga, karma yoga, bhakti yoga, and raja yoga). (BEd 2nd Year Philosophical Thought of Vivekananda Study Material Notes)

According to the proponent of Vedanta, Shankara, the knowledge of the material world is untrue and the knowledge of the abstract world is true knowledge. Contradictory to it Vivekanand argued that this material world is made by Brahma and from Brahma, and Brahma is true, so this world should also be true. How can the untruth be born from the truth? So, its knowledge should also be included in the category of true knowledge. As far as the means of attainment of knowledge are concerned, the views of Vivekananda are very clear. (BEd 2nd Year Philosophical Thought of Vivekananda Study Material Notes)

According to him, knowledge of the material world is attained by direct method and experimental method, and the knowledge of the abstract world is attained by ‘Satsang’, ‘self-study’, and ‘yoga’. He considered yoga as the best means of attaining any type of knowledge (material or spiritual). (BEd 2nd Year Philosophical Thought of Vivekananda Study Material Notes)

Axiology and Ethics of Vivekananda’s Navya Vedanta

Vivekananda considered man as possessing the soul. He was in agreement with Shankara that the ultimate aim of human life is the attainment of emancipation, freedom from transition to the world and to blend the soul into God. But he considered this material world and human life in it as true, so he emphasized eradicating physical weakness, mental slavery, economic deficiency, and feeling of inferiority in this material world. (BEd 2nd Year Philosophical Thought of Vivekananda Study Material Notes)

He has advised the whole of mankind to become self-studious, rational, and active in order to attain these two types of freedom, and has advised adopting satang, bhakti, and yoga (jnana yoga, karma yoga, bhakti yoga, and raja yoga) for it.

Vivekananda holds clear views about man’s conduct and that man should follow the truth and serve the poor and the deprived. He considered truth and service as the basic values of life. In his view, the truth is that which causes the well-being (material welfare and spiritual welfare) of the individual and the world, Vivekananda compared man with God’s temple and considered human service as the greatest religion. (BEd 2nd Year Philosophical Thought of Vivekananda Study Material Notes)

In his view, man should be pure by mind, speech, and deed should earn his livelihood honestly, should serve the poor and the deprived, and thus should make himself pure and defectless to become eligible for yoga, and should attain self-realization by any of the yoga marga (jnana, karma, bhakti or raj). For yoga sadhana, he has supported the seven steps of tranquility, endurance, detachment, devotion, resolution, desire for salvation, and logic. (BEd 2nd Year Philosophical Thought of Vivekananda Study Material Notes)

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