BEd 2nd Year Vedanta Philosophy Study Material Notes
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Meaning and Definition of Vedanta Philosophy
Vedanta Philosophy is the gist of all mysterious and elaborate philosophical thought pertaining to Vedas. Brahman. Aranyak and Upanishads. Vajrayana Vyas (fourth century) was the first person who presented the gist of all these scriptures in brief. The treatise created by him is ‘Brahrnasutra’. This treatise is the initial scripture of Vedanta philosophy. After several hundred years of Vajrayana. Several scholars wrote commentaries on Brahmasutra and analyzed the Vedanta as propounded in it. These analyses of Vedanta developed several branches and sub-branches of Vedant. (BEd 2nd Year Vedanta Philosophy Study Material Notes)
The important among them are Advaita (monism) of Shankara (ninth century), and Vishishta Dvaita (specific dualism) of Ramanujacharya (twelfth century). Dvaita (dualism) of Madhvachary (thirteenth century), Dvaita (dualism) of Nimbark (thirteenth century), Shaiva Vishistha Dvaita (Shiva-specific dualism) of Shrikantha (thirteenth century), Vir Shaiva Vishishta Dvaita of Shripathi (fourteenth century) and Shuddha Dvaita (Pure dualism) of Ballabhcharya (sixteenth century).
Of these, the Advaita (monism) of Shankara is fully based on Vedas and Upanishads, but as far as other branches of Vedant are concerned, their metaphysics is based on the Vedas and Upanishads, but their methods of devotion are based on the Adams of Vaishnava (followers of Vishnu), Shaiva (followers of Shiva) and Shakta (followers of Shakti).
As they are based upon Vaishnava. Shaiva and Shakta Adams are called Vaishnava. Shaiva and Shakta philosophies respectively. When we talk of Vedanta today, we chiefly mean Shanker’s Vedanta. Even otherwise, Shankara’s Vedanta (monism) is the most important of all branches and sub-branches of Vedant. (BEd 2nd Year Vedanta Philosophy Study Material Notes)
Shankara’s Vedanta is the zenith of Indian philosophical thought. All the philosophies and religions which are developed in India, after Shanker’s arc were influenced by his Vedanta in more or less measure. It is also similar to several philosophies and religions which are developed outside India. Its ‘Brahma’ is virtueless and omnipotent just like Jehovah of Jews, Ahurmajda of Parsees, God or Christians, and Allah of Muslims. The only difference is that Jehovah, Ahurmajda, God, and Allah are the creator of this universe, while the Brahma of Vedanta is both, the creator and cause. (BEd 2nd Year Vedanta Philosophy Study Material Notes)
By attaching virtues to Brahma as a creator of the universe Shankara has touched the hearts of the people by calling him Ishwar (God). From an educational viewpoint too, this philosophy is of utmost significance. So we will discuss only Shankara’s Vedanta.
In order to understand a philosophical thought, it is necessary to understand its metaphysics and epistemology. logic, axiology, and ethics. Therefore, we shall make an endeavor to understand metaphysics and epistemology. logic, axiology, and ethics of Vedanta.
Definition of Vedanta
On the basis of metaphysics, epistemology, logic, axiology, and ethics of Vedanta, we can define it as follows:
Vedanta is that school of Indian philosophy that considers this universe made by Brahma out of Brahma and accepts Brahma as true and this material world as untrue. It considers Brahma as the ultimate reality and soul as a part of Brahma and propounds that the ultimate aim of human life is emancipation, which can be achieved by Gyan Yog.
Fundamental Principles of Vedanta Philosophy
If we want to present the metaphysics, epistemology, logic, axiology, and ethics of Vedanta, in the form of principles we can do it as follows :
1. This Universe is made by Brahma out of Brahma: According to Shankara’s Vedanta, this universe is created by Brahma out of Brahma, and the regular visible and invisible changes taking place in it are due to Him. As a spider creates its cobweb from the matter from inside it with its own labor; in the same way, Brahma creates this world. The power of Brahma, by which He creates this universe, has been termed as Maya (illusion) by Shankara. (BEd 2nd Year Vedanta Philosophy Study Material Notes)
According to Shankara, Brahm is eternal, infinite, and incorporeal but when the attribute of creation of the world by illusion is attached to Him, He comes to possess attributes or virtues and we establish Him in the form of ‘Saguna Brahrna’ (Ishwar), but He remains virtueless. (BEd 2nd Year Vedanta Philosophy Study Material Notes)
2. Brahma is True and this Material World is Untrue: Shankara argues that this world is created and is destroyed too, it is amenable to change every moment, so it is irregular and untrue. According to him, only Brahma is regular | and true: Shankara has, of course, accepted the practical existence of this world. Without having accepted its practical existence, no question can arise about the existence of man, and the attainment of knowledge, action, yoga, and emancipation by him.
3. Soul is the Part of Brahma: According to Shankara, the soul is a part of Brahma, they are not distinct basically; due to Maya (illusion) the soul seems to be distinct from Brahma; as soon as the veil of illusion is removed, there is no.
4. Man is the Source of Infinite Knowledge and Energy: Shankara clarifies that man possesses the soul, and the soul is a part of Brahma that is omnipresent, omnipotent, and omniscient, so there is a source of infinite knowledge energy in man, but he is unable to recognize this infinite knowledge and energy to Maya (illusion). The person who recognizes his soul comes to know everything and becomes able to do everything. (BEd 2nd Year Vedanta Philosophy Study Material Notes)
5. Man’s Development depends on His Accumulated, Destined, and cumulative Actions: Materialists consider action organs, sense organs, and brain the basis of man’s development. Due to differences in the sense organs and brain un, Vedanta has uncovered the accumulated and destined actions. (BEd 2nd Year Vedanta Philosophy Study Material Notes)
According to Vedanta, man’s development depends on cumulative actions (the actions to be done in the present life), accumulated actions (the actions done in the previous life), and destined actions (the outcome of the accumulated actions). This is the reason that even when two persons perform similar actions in this life, the outcome of their actions is different.