Bed 2nd Year What do you understand by Environmental Conversation
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Meaning of Conservation
Conservation has been defined as “the management for the benefit of including humankind of the biosphere so that it may yield sustainable ben the present generation while maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of the future generations.”
Objectives of Conservation
The objectives of conservation are as follows:
(i) To maintain essential ecological processes and life support system
(ii) To preserve biological diversity.
(iii) To ensure that any utilization of species and ecosystem is sustainable.
(iv) To preserve natural resources for future generations.
Categories of Conservation
There are two main categories of conservation-In situ conservation and Ex situ conservation.
- In Situ Conservation. This is the conservation of genetic resources through their maintenance within natural or even human-made ecosystems in which they occur. This is an ideal system for genetic resources and conservation. This type includes a system of protected areas of different categories, and managers with different objectives to bring benefit to society. Natural Parks Sanctuaries, Nature Reserves, Natural Monuments, Cultural Landscapes Biosphere Reserves, etc., belong to this type of conservation. In situ conservation, therefore, is not practicable for domesticates.
- Ex Situ Conservation. This is conservation outside their habitats by perpetuating sample populations in genetic resource centers, zoos, botanical gardens, culture collections, etc., or in the form of gene pools and gamete storage for fish; germplasm banks for seeds, pollen, semen, ova, cells, etc. Plants are more readily maintained than animals. In this type of conservation seed banks, botanical gardens, pollen storage, tissue culture, and genetic engineering have been playing an important role.
In India, a large number of institutions are involved in the conservation and utilization of biodiversity. These fall under the Ministries of Environment and Forests, Agriculture, and Science and Technology. Between them, they are dealing with in situ conservation (biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries), ex situ conservation (field gene banks, seed, and other banks), and utilization (gene and drug prospecting) respectively. Details of the work being undertaken on biosphere reserves, national parks, and wildlife sanctuaries in the country are given in separate chapters later in this book.
Soil Conservation
Unless the loss of soil is checked, it would amount to a great loss for mankind Thus man has made use of this ecological training in the preservation of this one of the most important resources.
Principles of Soil Conservation
The chief agent of soil erosion is water and wind. The actual area of soil conservation is based on certain basic principles, which include:
(i) Protection of soil from the impact of rain drops.
(ii) To slow down the water from concentrating and moving down the slope in a narrow path.
(iii) To slow down the movement when it flows along the slope.
(iv) To encourage more water movement when it flows along the slope.
(v) To increase the wind velocity near the ground by growing vegetation cover ridging the land etc., and
(vi) Reduction in the wind velocity near the ground by ground by growing vegetation cover ridging the land etc., and
(vii) To grow the strips the stubble or other vegetation cover which might catch and hold the moving particles of soil
Keeping in view the above-said principles, ecologists have devised several methods, given below, to prevent the loss of soil during its erosion. (Bed 2nd Year What do you understand by Environmental Conversation)
Methods of Soil Conservation
The various method may be broadly arranged into the following types:
- Biological Methods. Conservation is achieved by the use of plant vegetation over.
(i) Agronomic practices. In areas with normal farming, where vegetation itself is used for soil protection.
(ii) Dry farming. In areas with low and moderate rainfall, where normal farming is not practically possible.
(iii) Agrostological methods. In areas suitable for the successful growth of grasses which are used as soil binders to check soil erosion.
- Mechanical Methods. Conservation is achieved by supplementing the biological methods so as to increase the time of concentration of water, reduce the velocity of water, or afford protection against damage due to runoff.
(i) Basin listing. Conservation of small basins along the contours.
(ii) Contour terracing. Construction of small basins along the slopes to intercept and divert the runoff water.
- Other Method. Conservation is achieved by purely mechanical methods including construction.
(i) Gully control. Formation or widening of gullies.
(ii) Stream bank protection. Growing vegetation alongside, construction of drains stone pitchings, etc.
(iii) Afforestation. Checking the velocity of wind by tree plantations (windbreaks)
[1] Biological Methods
- Agronomic Practices. Natural protection by growing vegetation in a manner that reduces soil loss. These include the following practices:
(i) Contour Farming. The oldest method is useful in areas with low rainfall in the preparation of the field with alternate furrows and ridges. Ridges at the same level are known as ‘contours.’ The water is caught and held in furrows and stored, reducing runoff and erosion. On slopes, however, this type of framing is coupled with terracing.
(ii) Mulching. Mulch is a protective layer formed by stubble i.e., the basal parts of herbaceous plants, especially cereals attached to the soil after harvest. Effective against the wind as well as water erosion, in it some such plants as maize stalks, cotton stalks, tobacco stalks, potato tops en used as mulch. Mulches (2-3″ thick) reduce soil moisture evaporation and increase the amount of soil moisture by the addition of organic matter to the soil. (Bed 2nd Year What do you understand by Environmental Conversation)
(iii) Crop Rotation. The same crop year after year depletes the soil mineral.
This overcomes by cultivating legumes. A typical rotation consists of one year of following, followed by winter heat.
(iv) Strip Cropping. It involves the planting of crops in rows or strips to check the flow of water. It may be contour strip cropping or strips planted along the contour at 90° to the direction of slope, field strip cropping, strips planted parallel to each other, or wind strip cropping or strip planted in parallel rows at 90° to the direction of the prevailing wind.
- Dry Farming. It is useful for croplands grown in low and moderate rainfall areas, where ordinary framing is at risk. Crop production, animal husbandry, and growing grazing fields are the possibilities for checking erosion Methods employed in different areas. These include following the land, strip cropping, crop rotation, contour farming, etc.
(i) Lay Farming. It grows grasses in rotation with the field corps, which
helps in building up the structure of the soil, prevents soil erosion, and improves its fertility.
(ii) Retiring lands to grass. It involves growing grasses on such lands where a major proportion of the topsoil has been eroded. Generally, grasses are allowed to graze under suitable climate conditions.
[2] Mechanical Methods
Used as supplements to biological methods, these are:
- Basin Listing. It is to construct a small basin along the contours of rainwater which also reduce its velocity.
- Contour Terrace. It is to construct a channel along the slope to intercept and divert the runoff water. This may be:
(i) Channel Terrace. It is to dig channels at suitable intervals and the excavated soil is deposited as a wide, slow ridge along the lower edge of the channel. (Bed 2nd Year What do you understand by Environmental Conversation)
(ii) Broad-based Ridge Terrace. It is to construct a ridge along both sides of the channel.
(ii) Bench Terrace. It is to construct a number of platforms along contours or suitable graded lines across the slope.
[3] Other Methods
- Gully Control. It is checking the formation or widening of gullies by constructing bunds, dam drains, or diversions through which excess runoff water is channeled. (Bed 2nd Year What do you understand by Environmental Conversation)
- Stream Bank Protection. It involves growing vegetation alongside the river bank, constructing drains, concrete or stone pitching, etc. for checking the cutting and carving of river banks.
- Afforestation. Afforestation is applied to Indian deserts, where such plants as Lawsonia Alba, Agave Americana, Thevetia Nerifola, Calotropis Gigantean, Ricinus communis, Zizyphus jujube, Acacia catechu, a notice, Cassia, Dalbergia sissoo, Mangifera India and Tamarindus India serve as useful windbreaks. Trees planted as windbreaks in deserts check the velocity of the wind. Windbreaks are planted across the area at 90° to the prevailing wind, check the spread of sand dunes or desert conditions or blowing away of the fertile topsoil. Windbreaks may be planted in several rows.