Bed 2nd Year What do you understand by Environmental Management

Bed 2nd Year What do you understand by Environmental Management: In this post, we will learn about Bed 2nd Year What do you understand by Environmental Management? In Bed 2nd Year there is one of the most important questions comes from Environment Education. You will learn about Bed 2nd Year What do you understand by Environmental Management? Teaching is a social and professional activity. It is a process of development. Teaching is a system of actions that induce learning through interpersonal relationships. and all the rest you will study in this Blog.

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Meaning of Environmental Management

According to Denns Meadows (1977), “The term ‘environmental management is generally related to environmental models which assure that food supply will grow with increased capital, annual agricultural inputs and land development; but on the other hand, it also includes important limits to all these factors, challenges to be faced and the policies to overcome the problems.”

Environmental management involves the socio-economic development of the society on the one hand and maintenance of ‘environmental quality on the other hand. (Bed 2nd Year What do you understand by Environmental Management)

Environmental management is mainly concerned with environmental quality.

It is also difficult to define the term ‘environmental quality because it is a subjective term and it is interpreted in various ways by different experts of various disciplines because the terms environmental management and quality are interdisciplinary in nature.

Environment not only sustains life but enriches life, harmonizing the work of man and nature for the larger good of all.

Need for Environmental Management

It is true that ecological balance and ecosystem stability are duly maintained by nature itself but the modern scientific, technological and industrial developments have disturbed the ecological balance and ecosystem stability through heavy industrialization, technological revolution faster growth of means of transportation and communication, rapid exploitation of natural resources, large scale land use change, unplanned expansion of urban population and industrial complexes.

Thus, the human activities of modern man have disturbed the natural and harmonious relationship between man and the environment. Therefore, it is the need of the day to employ the concept of environmental management to maintain the ecological balance and stability of the ecosystem. (Bed 2nd Year What do you understand by Environmental Management)

Environmental management is the process to improve the relationship between the environment and man so that ‘environment quality and human society may be improved. (Bed 2nd Year What do you understand by Environmental Management)

This objective can be achieved through checking on destructive activities of man, conserving, protecting, regulating and regeneration of nature. (Bed 2nd Year What do you understand by Environmental Management)

It is related to the rational adjustment of the man with nature involving judicious exploitation and utilization of natural resources without disturbing the ecological balances and ecosystem equilibrium.

Environmental management is, therefore, a compromise between ecology balance, ecosystem stability and human socio-economic progress and thus it must take into consideration the ecological principles and socio-economic needs of the society.

Functions and Characteristics of Environmental Management

The following are the main characteristics and functions of environmental management:

(i) The main function is to maintain ecological balance and ecosystem stability for the welfare of man.

(ii) It is related to the rational adjustment of man to nature.

(iii) It involves socio-economic development of society and maintenance of ‘environmental quality.

(iv) It compromises ecological balance, ecosystem stability and socio-economic development of man.

(v) It has two major aspects:

(a) Socio-economic development and

(b) Stability of ecological balances and stability of individual ecosystems in particular.

(vi) There essential prerequisites of environmental management are the conservation of resources and control of pollution.

(vii) Environmental management has three main functions:

(a) Protection of the environment and lowering the level of pollution,

(b) Enhancement of socio-economic values of the environment and its resources, and

(viii) It evaluates the policies, plans, and priorities implemented for the maintenance of the ecological balance and stability of the ecosystem in view of human development. (Bed 2nd Year What do you understand by Environmental Management)

Dimension of Environmental Management

There are various approaches which are employed for five basic aspects of environmental management.

1. Environmental Awareness: Sources, levels and role of the environmental awareness.
2. Environmental Education: At different levels and environmental training.
3. Resources Management: Survey, and classify natural resources preservative of ecological resources and conservation of energy resources. (Bed 2nd Year What do you understand by Environmental Management)
4. Environmental Impact Assessment or Evaluation: Methods, procedures, production, development, the realization of objectives, and (Bed 2nd Year What do you understand by Environmental Management)
5. Control of Environmental Pollution: Regeneration, control and reduction of natural disasters.

Approaches to Environmental Management

Environmental Management has very wide areas of man environment. There are two main approaches to environmental management (1) the Preservative approach and (2) the Conservative approach.

1. Preservative Approach. It advocates the non-interference of man with nature and complete adaptation by man to nature or the physical environment. This approach is not practicable because man has to exploit natural resources for his survival. He has to fulfil his basics or result in environmental pollution. (Bed 2nd Year What do you understand by Environmental Management)
2. Conservative Approach. It states for adjustment with the physic-biological environment in terms of industrial, technological and behavioural/social institutional adjustments. It refers that natural resources may be utilized for the socio-economic development of man but efforts should be made to maintain ecological balance, stability of ecosystem and quality of the environment. It two perspectives:

(i) To check and reduce adverse effects of human activities on the environment.

(ii) To increase the productivity of the natural environmental ecosystems and maintain ecological balance.

The environmental management approaches are set up at four levels:

(i) International approach to management,

(ii) National approach of management,

(iii) Regional approach of management, and

(iv) Local approach of management.

The environmental management approaches have two main bases, spatial and methodological.

The spatial consideration is concerned with the regional approach because natural resources cannot be classified as life political boundaries. (Bed 2nd Year What do you understand by Environmental Management)

The methodological consideration depends on the technological and economic development of the nation or country and also the nature of the problems. (Bed 2nd Year What do you understand by Environmental Management)

The environmental problems are of global nature the world over. Therefore, international and regional approaches are the most effective and workable. (Bed 2nd Year What do you understand by Environmental Management)

International Projects and Agencies

There are a number of international bodies and programmes involved in different areas of the environment. Some important agencies and programmes have been enumerated in the following paragraphs:

1. Aswan High Dam in Egypt (1964). It is the biggest dam in the world. It was constructed at Aswan in 1964 on the river Nile. It has caused several environmental problems with serious consequences because the likely or probable impact of dam and reservoir on environmental conditions was not properly assessed. It has caused several types of biotic and abiotic problems.
2. Earth scan. An agency founded UNEP in 1976 that commissions original articles on environmental matters and sells them as features to newspapers and magazines, especially in developing countries.
3. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITIES). An international forum whose membership for agreement is open to all countries. For India, the Ministry of Environment and Forests functions as the nodal agency for participation in international agreements. (Bed 2nd Year What do you understand by Environmental Management)
4. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This is an independent Federal Agency of the U.S. Government established in 1970. It deals with the protection of the environment by air, water, solid wastes, radiation, pesticides, noise, etc.
5. European Economic Community (EEC). It is a community of 12 European nations, with a sound political, economic and legal base. The community has joint agricultural and scientific programmes between its members. It also assists other countries in environmental programmes. It has programmes for framing and implementing coordinated policy for environmental improvement and conservation of natural resources. CPCB, India has recently taken up a project on air quality monitoring with the assistance of EEC. (Bed 2nd Year What do you understand by Environmental Management)
6. Human Exposure Assessment Location (HEAL). The project is a part of the Health-Related Monitoring Programme by WHO in cooperation with UNEP. This project has three components viz. (i) air monitoring, (ii) water quality monitoring, and (iii) food contamination monitoring on a global basis. (Bed 2nd Year What do you understand by Environmental Management)
7. International Council of Scientific Union (ICSU). A nongovernmental organization, based in Paris, that encourages the exchange of scientific information, initiates programmes requiring international scientific cooperation and studies and reports on matters related to social and political responsibilities in the treatment of the scientific community.
8. International Union for Conservation of Nature and National Resources (IUCN). An autonomous body, founded in 1948 with its Headquarters at Morgues, Switzerland, that initiates and promotes scientifically based conservation measures. It also cooperates with United Nations and other intergovernmental agencies and with sister bodies of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF).
9. Trans-Alaska Pipe Line in USA (1977). This project was initiated to carry mineral oil and natural gas through 1270 km long underground pipelines from the newly discovered oil wells near Prudhoe Bay on the North Coast of Alaska to Port Valdez on the South coast of Alaska. This project has not affected Alaska and the marine environment except for the political problem that the route and pipeline involve Canada. It is not advisable due to safety and strategic point of view.
10. International Marine Consultative Organization (IMCO). It regulates the operation of ships on high seas, from a marine water pollution viewpoint. (Bed 2nd Year What do you understand by Environmental Management)
11. South Asia Co-operation Environment Programme (SACEP). This has been recently set up for the exchange of professional knowledge and expertise on environmental issues among member countries Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. (Bed 2nd Year What do you understand by Environmental Management)
12. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO). A United Nations agency, found in 1945 to support and implement the efforts of member states to promote education, scientific research and information, and the arts to develop the cultural aspects of world relations. It also holds conferences and seminars, promotes research and exchange of information and provides technical support. Its Headquarters are in Paris. Independently as well as in collaboration with other agencies like UNEP, it supports activities related to environmental quality, human settlements, training for environmental engineers and other socio-cultural programmes related to the environment.
13. Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). A UN agency, co-ordination of inter-governmental measures for environmental monitoring and protection. It was set up in 1972. There is a voluntary United Nations Environment Fund to finance environmental projects. There is an Environment Co-ordination Board to co-ordination the UNEP programme. Its headquarters are in Nairobi, Kenya. UNEP was founded to study and formulate international guidelines for the management of the environment. UNEP is assisting many such programmes in India.
14. World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED). This is a 23-member commission, set up in 1984 in pursuance of a UN General Assembly resolution in 1983 to re-examine the critical environmental and development issues and formulate proposals for them. This is called for political action to manage better environmental resources to ensure human progress and survival. The commission makes an assessment of the level of understanding and commitment of individuals, voluntary organizations and governmental bodies on environmental issues.
15. Earth watch Programme. A worldwide programme was established in 1972 under the terms of the Declaration on the Human Environment. It monitors trends in the environment, based on a series of monitoring stations. Its activities are coordinated by UNEP. (Bed 2nd Year What do you understand by Environmental Management)
16. Man and Biosphere Programme (MAB). The programme is the outcome of the International Biological Programme (IBP) which has already concluded its activities. MAB was formally launched by UNESCO in 1971. There are 14 project areas under this programme. We shall provide here the details of MAB with special reference to major activities in our own country so far done under the same, and the priority areas for the future. (Bed 2nd Year What do you understand by Environmental Management)
17. Tehri High Dam Project (India). It is one of the most controversial river projects in the world as regards the conflicts between environmentalists, local people, project authorities and the government. It is being constructed on the Ganga river below the confluence of its two main tributaries—Bhagirathi and Bhailangana at Terhri of Uttar Pradesh. Tehri Hydro Dam Corporation (THDC) was formed in 1989 and construction work was taken over by the Union Government of India with Soviet Technical and economic aid. It is 260 5 meters highest rockfill dam in the country.