MBA 1ST Year Productivity and Quality Loge Question Answer in English
Q.3. What are the steps involved in PDCA cycle? Explain.
Ans. PDCA Cycle: A four-step problem solving iterative technique is used to improve business processes. The four steps are plan-do-check-act. The PDCA cycle can be used to effect both major performance breakthroughs as well as small incremental improvements in projects and processes. It is also known as the Deming wheel or Shewhart cycle.
This concept was originally developed by statistician, Walter Shewhart during the 1930s. It was subsequently popularised by quality control pioneer Dr. W. Edwards Deming in the 1950s. The four steps are:
1. Plan an Improvement: The goal at this stage is decide what needs to be done and how it best! can be done. Achieve this goal by reviewing and studying the current work process and available data. This stage really involves examining the current method or the problem area. Change management tools and methods to use here include:
(a) Customer supplier relationships analysis.
(b) Flow charting business process mapping.
(C) Pareto analysis.
(d) Idea generation sessions-brainstorming.
(e) Value driver trees.
(f) Assessment matrices.
(g) Root cause and effect analysis.
2. Do the Planned Activity: Implement the improvement or problem-solving plan by actually doing it. This is the implementation stage during which the plan is actually tried out in the operation. The responsible people need to be trained and equipped with the resources necessary to complete the task. This stage itself may involve a mini PDCA cycle as the problems of implementation are discovered and resolved and we begin to see if the implementation of the plan is providing results. Resources and skills required include:
(a) Team leader and supervisory leadership skills.
(b) Experiment design and implementation knowledge.
(C) Operations management problems handling skills.
(d) Conflict resolution skills.
(e) On-the-job training.
3. Check the Results: The new implemented solution is evaluated to see whether it has resulted in the expected performance improvement. Analyse the new data available and measure the results to see if the implementation of the plan is giving the results that it should. Change Management methodologies and tools at this stage include using:
(a) Data check sheets, (b) Control charts, (c) Key performance indicators.
4. Act on the Results: If the implementation was successful, standardise and document the work and new processes. If the change was not successful, learn what we can from the trial, adjust where necessary to overcome problems, and formalise the new knowledge before starting the PDCA cycle over again. In starting over again we take any corrective action that is required; we lock in the positive and good outcomes, and then we return to the planning stage and repeat again as necessary. Documentation may include:
(a) Business process mapping and standardisation procedures.
(b) Updating controlled reference information.
(C) New training for the standard processes.
5. Repeat the Deming Cycle: Continue the cycle again. Plan and implement further improvements. Even better though, as we continue with the Deming cycle we have the benefit of having new data and learned experiences from the previous cycles. We are well positioned to continue to carry out these process improvement activities and achieve ongoing results. Best of all you will not be disappointed when using this change model for successful organisational change.S
MBA 1ST Year Productivity and Quality Loge Question Answer in English
Q. 4. Explain the types of control chart.
or Briefly explain the use of ‘P chart for quality control with the help of sult
Ans. Types of control chart are as follows:
1. Process Control with with Attribute Measurements (Using ‘P Chart): Mea raking samples and using a single decision that the item is good of decision, we can use simple statistics to create a P chart with an upper rol unit represents UCL and LCL respectively. We can draw these control she fraction defective of each individual sample tested. The process rrectly when the sample, which are taken periodically during the day, continue to stay between the Control limits.
Q. 2. Process Control with Variable Measurements. (Using X and R Charts):X and R (range) charts are widely used in statistical process
in attribute sampling, we determine whether something is control is a systematic pood or bad, fits or doesn’t fit it is a go/no-go situation. In variables control of those variables that sampling, however, we measure the actual weight, volume number affect the excellence of the of inches, or other variable measurements, and we develop control ultimate product. charts to determine the acceptability or rejection of the process based on those measurements.
(a) Construct X: If the standard deviation of the process distribution is known, the X chart may be defined as:
An i chart is simply a plot of the means of the samples that were taken from a process. X is the average of the mean.
In nractice the standard deviation of the process is not known. For the reason, an approach that
In practice, the standard devi uses actual sample data is commonly used.
nge within each sample. The range is the difference between the highest
in that sample. R values provide an easily calculated measure of variation and the lowest numbers in that sal
tation An X chart is the average of the range of each sample. More specifically An Rocha defined, these are