What do you understand by Multi-Purpose River Valley Projects
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Multi-Purpose River Valley Projects
They are undertaking to be in most countries of the world suffering from water resources. In India, the Damodar River Valley Project was the first in the chain of such development after independence. Several objectives are realized in a multi-purpose river valley project. The huge single dam or a series of small dams built on a river and its tributaries serves as a man-made lake that is now able to impound a huge amount of rainwater. It thus helps in flood control and soil protection. This water is used for irrigation during dry periods. (What do you understand by Multi-Purpose River Valley Projects)
Since catchment areas of the dam are afforested there is available additional wild land that helps to preserve ecosystems. Afforestation also helps in avoiding silting of dams Lakes etc. wild land also preserves wildlife. Stored water is used for power generation i.e., hydel power or hydroelectricity. These projects also provide for inland water navigation, the cheapest means of transport for heavy goods. They also used to develop fish hatcheries and nurseries.
At present water management is planned for irrigation, power, fisheries, etc. Since independence, several such projects have been completed in our country. (What do you understand by Multi-Purpose River Valley Projects)
Damodar Valley Project consists of a series of small dams on the tributaries of Damodar, flowing from Chhotanagpur in south Bihar to west Bengal. The hydel power has been integrated into a common grid.
Bhakra Nangal Project has been built where two hills on either side of Satluj are very close to each other. It is the highest gravity dam in the world (height of 226 meters from the river bed). The project serves the stages of Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, and U.T. of Delhi. India Gandhi Rajasthan Canal Project is an ambitious plan to bring new areas under irrigation.
The water of the Bieas and Ravi has to be diverted to Satluj. The Pong dam on the Bieas impends 6, 90,000 ha meters of water. It helped to divert Bieas water into Satluj in a regulated manner, so that the Rajasthan canal, the longest irrigation canal in the world, can irrigate Ganganagar, Bikaner, and Jaisalmer Districts. The main canal is 468 km long.
Kosi Project on river Kosi in north Bihar has the main canal to irrigate 8, 73,000 ha of land in Bihar
Hirakud Dam in Orissa is the longest dam in the world. The 4.8 km. the long dam impounds 8,100 million cubic meters of water. The Tungabhadra Project serves Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. This 2.5 km long dam irrigates nearly 4, 00,000 Lion ha land.
The Nagarjunassagar Project is built on river Krishnan in Andhra med Pradesh. It irrigates 8, 67,000 ha of land. The Chambal Project irrigates parts of extended M.P. and Rajasthan. There are many other such projects on different rivers in the country. Since 1990 several major water power projects could be implemented in different parts of the country. At the time of independence, the total installed hydropower capacity was 5, 75,000 kW; in 1986-87 alone a 19, 20,000 kW., of installed capacity was added. By 1986-87 we had developed 40% of our total hydropower potential. (What do you understand by Multi-Purpose River Valley Projects)
Since 1902 when the first hydro powerhouse was set up on Daveri at El other parts of the country. These include Tata hydroelectric scheme in Mumbai, the cent Pykara station in Tamil Nadu, the Sabarigiri project in Kerala, the Balimela project in Orissa, Salat Hydeo Project in Jammu, etc. (What do you understand by Multi-Purpose River Valley Projects)
(Recorded plant Species)
| Taxonomic Group | Number of Species | % of World Flora | |
| World | India | ||
| Angiosperms
Gymnosperms Pteridophytes Bryophytes Lichens Fungi Algae Virus/Bacteria |
2,50,000 650 10,000 14,500 13,500 70,000 40,000 8,050 |
17,500 48 1,200 2,850 2,075 14,500 6,500 850 |
7.0 7.4 12.0 19.7 15.0 20.7 16.3 10.6 |
| Total | 4,06,700 | 45,523 | 11.8 |
(Wild Relatives of Crop Plants in India)
| Crop | Number of Wild Relatives |
| Cereals and Millets
Pulses Fruits Spices and Condiments Vegetables Fibre Crops Oilseeds Miscellaneous Plants |
46 81 91 28 76 15 14 25 |
| Total | 379 |
(Indian Native Breeds of Domesticated Animals)
| Group | Number |
| Cattle
Buffalo Sheep Goat Camel Horse Donkey Poultry |
30 10 42 20 9 6 2 18 |
| Total | 137 |
(Recorded Animal Species)
| Taxonomic Group | Number of Species | % in India | |
| World | India | ||
| PROTISTA(Protozoa) | 31250 | 2577 | 8.24 |
| ANIMALIA
Mesozoa Porifera Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Rotifera Gastrotricha Kinorhyncha Nematoda Acanthocephala Sipuncula Mollusca Echiura Annelida Onychophora |
71 4562 9923 100 17511 2500 3000 100 30028 800 145 66535 127 12701 100 |
10 500 999 12 1639 330 100 10 2878 229 35 5155 43 842 1 |
14.08 10.70 10.07 12.00 9.35 13.20 3.33 10.00 9.58 28.62 24.14 7.75 33.86 6.63 1.00 |
| Arthropoda | 999059 | 71480 | 7.15 |
| Crustacea
Insecta Arachnida Pychogonida Chilopoda Diplopoda Symphyla Merostomata Phoronida Bryozoa (Ectoprocta) Entoprocta Brachipoda Chaetognatha Tardigrada Echinodermata Hemichordata |
35536 867516 73444 600 3000 7500 120 4 11 4000 60 300 111 514 6223 120 |
2941
61375 5833 17 100 162 4 2 3 200 10 3 30 30 767 12 |
8.28
7.07 7.94 2.83 3.33 2.16 3.33 50.00 27.27 5.00 16.66 1.00 27.02 5.83 12.33 10.00 |
| Chordata | 46499 | 5163 | 10.65 |
| Protochordata
Pisces Amphibia Reptillia Aves Mammalia |
2106 21734 5185 5819 9026 4629 |
119
2641 312 462 1232 397 |
5.65
12.15 6.02 7.94 13.46 8.58 |
| Total (Animalia) | 1195759 | 89460 | 7.48 |
| G. Total (Protista+Animalia) | 1227009 | 92037 | 7.50 |
Values of Biological Resources
| Direct | Indirect |
| Consumptive use value e.g. Wild Fruits
Productive use value e.g. Plant Breeding Non-Consumption Use Plant e.g. Tourism |
Non-Consumptive use value e.g. Ecological Process
Intrinsic Value/Existence value Option value e.g. potential value of Medicinal Drugs |
State-wise details of protected Area Network of the country
| State/UT | No. of National Parks | No. of Wildlife Sanctuaries | No. of Conservation Reserves | No. of Community Reserves |
| 1. Andhra Pradesh
2. Arunachal Pradesh 3. Assam 4. Bihar 5. Chhattisgarh 6. Goa 7. Gujarat 8. Haryana 9. Himachal Pradesh 10. Jammu & Kashmir 11. Jharkhand 12. Karnataka 13. Kerala 14. Madhya Pradesh 15. Maharashtra 16. Manipur 17. Meghalaya 18. Mizoram 19. Nagaland 20. Odisha 21. Punjab 22. Rajasthan 23. Sikkim 24. Tamil Nadu 25. Tripura 26. Uttar Pradesh 27. Uttrakkhand 28. West Bengal. 29. Andaman &Nicobar 30. Chandigarh 31. Dadar & Nagar Haweli 32. Lakshadweep 33. Daman & Diu 34. Delhi 35. Puducherry |
6 2 5 1 3 1 4 2 5 4 1 5 6 9 6 1 2 2 1 2 0 5 1 5 2 1 6 5 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 |
21
11 18 12 11 0 23 8 32 15 11 22 16 25 35 1 3 8 3 18 12 25 7 21 4 23 6 15 96 2 1 1 1 1 1 |
0
0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 34 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 |
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 |
| Total | 102 | 515 | 47 | 4 |
Tiger Reserves in India
| Name of Tiger Reserve | State | Core Area | Buffer | Total Area |
| 1. Bandipur
2. Jim Corbett 3. Kanha 4. Manas 5. Melghat 6. Palamau 7. Ranthambore 8. Similipal 9. Sunderbans 10. Periyar 11. Sariska 12. Buxa 13. Indravati 14. Namdapha 15. Dudhwa 16. Kalakkad-Mundanthurai 17. Valmiki 18. Pench 19. Tadoba 20. Bandhavgarh 21. Panna 22. Dampa 23. Bhadra 24. Pench 25. Pakhui 26. Nameri 27. Satpura 28. Anamalai 29. Udanti-Sitanadi 30. Satkosia 31. Kaziranga 32. Achanakmar 33. Dandeli-anshi 34. Sanjay-Dubri 35. Madumalai 36. Nagarahole 37. Parambikulam 38. Sahyadri 39. Biligiriranga 40. Kawal 41. Sathyamangalam 42. Mukandra Hills 43. Nawegaon-Nagzira 44. Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam 45. Amrabad 46. Pilibhit 47. Bor 48. Rajaji 49. Orang |
Karnataka Uttarakhand Madhya Pradesh Assam Maharashtra Jharkhand Rajasthan Odisha West Bengal Kerala Rajasthan West Bengal Chattisgarh Arunachal Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Tamil Nadu Bihar Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Mizoram Karnataka Maharashtra Arunachal Pradesh Assam Madhya Pradesh Tamil Nadu Chattisgarh Odisha Assam Chattisgarh Karnataka Madhya Pradesh Tamil Nadu Karnataka Kerala Maharashtra Karnataka Telangana Tamil Nadu Rajasthan Maharashtra Telangana Andhra Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Maharashtra Uttarakhand Assam |
872
822 917 840 1500 414 1113 1195 1700 881 881 391 1258 1808 1094 895 598 411 626 717 576 500 492 257 683 200 1339 959 851 524 626 626 815 813 321 643 391 600 359 893 793 417 654 2596 2166 603 138 820 79 |
584
466 1134 2311 1268 716 298 1555 885 332 332 367 1541 1108 1108 707 301 768 1102 820 1022 488 572 484 515 144 794 521 991 440 288 288 283 862 368 562 253 565 216 1126 615 343 – 701 445 127 678 256 413 |
1456
1288 2052 3151 2769 1130 1411 2750 2585 1213 1213 758 2799 2202 2202 1602 899 1180 1728 1598 1579 988 1064 741 1198 344 2133 1480 1843 964 914 1098 1098 1675 689 1206 644 1206 575 2019 1408 760 654 3296 2611 730 816 1075 492 |
| Total | 39105.21 | 31138.89 | 70285.70 |